Ideally, commercially production line-made cell, no matter pouch, cylindrical, or prismatic format, provide better reproducible result 6. Besides material level chemical and physical characterization, electrochemical cells must be prepared and tested to further investigate the performance of those components.
In recent decade, all major components of LBs, including active materials, binding agents, conductive additives, electrolyte, and membranes, were thoroughly investigated and documented by numerous amounts of published research results 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. As both Li-ion and Li-metal batteries utilize Li containing active materials and rely on redox chemistry associated with Li ion, we prefer the term of “lithium batteries” (LBs) to refer to both systems in the following context. Aside from studies and developments of traditional LIBs based on lithium (Li) intercalation between the graphite anode and lithium transition metal oxide cathode, Li metal battery system, in which metallic lithium anode is used against lithium metal oxide or other non-Li containing cathodes also drew much attention due to their potential with higher energy density or lower material cost comparing with traditional system 5. Due to the emerged electrified transportation market request, the development of more advanced batteries with high energy density and low lost was also highly demanded 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) were well recognized and applied in a wide variety of consumer electronic applications, such as mobile devices (e.g., computers, smart phones, mobile devices, etc.), power tools, as well as health maintaining devices 1.
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